![]() However, a great deal of discourse concerning AP centers around the question of whether it is acquired through early exposure and practice, or whether it is characterized by neural predispositions (Brown et al., 2002 Levitin & Zatorre, 2003 Ward, 1999). It remains to be shown whether AP, as a special hearing ability, is influenced by the pitch perception preference, indicated by the individual pitch perception index measured in the Pitch Perception Preference Test (PPPT, Schneider & Bleeck, 2005 Schneider et al., 2005b). It has been demonstrated that both modes are reflected by structural and functional asymmetries in Heschl's gyrus (Schneider et al., 2005a). Thus, Schneider and Wengenroth (2009) differentiated between two types of listeners according to their aural orientation: holistic (or fundamental) and spectral listeners. These depend upon which aspect of the sound is of primary focus: either tones with independent recognition of timbre and fundamental pitch, or spectral components. It is important to consider different dimensions of sound perception that account for clearly distinguishable modes of pitch perception. Although it is not yet well understood how both pitch properties interact in AP, it seems clear that chroma is highly relevant to pitch recognition ability (Korpell, 1965), when auditory perception and identification tasks focus on pitch class rather than octave position. Whilst chroma determines the harmonic and melodic aspects of music, it is robust in timbre and dynamics. Both have distinct representations in the human auditory cortex (Warren et al., 2003) and are crucial for absolute pitch recognition. by transposition by an octave), and pitch chroma, based on a cyclic octave-independent dimension of recurring tone qualities, so-called Tonigkeit (Révész, 1926 Wellek, 1963). Moreover, there is psychophysical evidence that a musical tone is characterized by two distinct dimensions: Pitch height, which represents a linear dimension caused by the increase of frequencies (e.g. Since information for AP comes from sound spectrum and time processing, time- frequency analysis of musical stimuli in AP might be an essential tool. Therefore, two sub-processes of AP recognition can be differentiated: perceptual structures of processing pitch chroma, and cognitive associations with a verbal label (Elmer et al., 2015 Kim & Knösche, 2017a).ĭuring auditory perception, the human brain analyzes both time and frequency simultaneously. ![]() This type of latent AP also indicates a relevant portion of pitch memory which is involved in the recall of pitch, independent of its octave invariant chroma or physical spectrum (Jakubowski et al., 2017). However, it has been shown that even children are able to recall familiar songs on the precise pitch level that they had used or heard many times before. This seems obvious, since only musicians can identify a tone by correct verbal labeling. This ability is often associated with a higher level of musicianship (Levitin, 2008). Submitted 2018 November 29 accepted 2019 February 07.ĪBSOLUTE pitch (AP) is the rare ability to identify or produce a given pitch without a reference tone. ![]() The findings are discussed in the context of the nature-nurture debate (genetic vs environmental factors), as well as the implications of genetic and memory aspects of pitch recognition. A significant main effect on TTAP scores was found for early starts of instrumental instruction. Results showed a clear decrease of pitch recognition accuracy between natural complex sounds and pure sine tones. Additional information was collected, regarding handedness, start of instrumental instruction, educational status, occurrence of AP in the family, and associations with processing pitch recognition. A passive listening test with single tones was developed (Tallinn Test of Absolute Pitch, TTAP), with 150 items selected, representing 60 synthetic instrumental tones (violin, clarinet, and trumpet) in different octave ranges and dynamics, and 90 electronically modified sounds, each presented in three different octave ranges. This study examines the stability of pitch labeling accuracy in a broad sample of AP possessors when natural complex tones are compared to modified sound structures (slightly out-of-tune pitches, sounds with missing fundamentals, and pure tones). ABSTRACT: Absolute pitch (AP) is the ability to identify or produce a given pitch without a reference.
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